英语单词的构词法
英语单词的构词法
主要有四种构词法:前缀、后缀、转换和复合词。
前缀我们在单词的词根或词干前加前缀。详见英语的前缀-定义和例子
例子
前缀
mono rail, mono lingualmono- means ‘one’
multi purpose, multi cultural
multi- means ‘many’
post- war, post graduate
post- means ‘after’
un usual, un democratic
un- means ‘not’ or ‘opposite to’
后缀
我们在单词的词根或词干后面加后缀。后缀的主要作用是表示单词的类别(例如名词或形容词)。详见英语单词的后缀
例子
后缀
terrorism , sexism
-ism and -dom are used to form nouns
employer , actor
-er and -or are used to form nouns to describe people who do things
widen , simplify
-en and -ify are used to form verbs
reasonable , unprofitable
-able is used to form adjectives
unhappily , naturally
-ly is a common suffix used to form adverbs
转换
转换包括一个词从一个词类到另一个词类的变化。例如,动词to email和to microwave是由名词email和microwave组成的:
Can you text her?
(verb from noun text, meaning to send a text-message)
They are always jetting somewhere.
(verb from noun jet)
If you’re not careful, some downloads can damage your computer.
(noun from verb download)
OK, so the meeting’s on Tuesday. That’s a definite .
(noun from adjective)
It’s a very big if and I’m not at all sure we can afford it.
(noun from conjunction, meaning ‘it’s not at all certain’)
All companies have their ups and downs .
(nouns from prepositions)
当我们把专有名词变成普通名词时,我们也使用转换:
Has anybody seen my Dickens ?
(copy of a book by Dickens)
复合
当我们使用复合时,我们把两个或多个碱基连在一起来创造一个新词。通常,第一项表示第二个词的关键特征。例如,back和ache这两个词根可以组合成复合名词backache, post和card这两个词根可以组合成复合名词明信片postcard。
复合词在所有词类中都有。最常见的化合物类型有:
名词: car park, rock band
形容词: heartbreaking, sugar-free, airsick
动词: oven-bake, baby-sit, chain-smoke
副词: good-naturedly, nevertheless
有时很难知道在复合的单词中在哪里放置连字符。也很难知道是分开单词(例如post box)还是连接单词(例如postbox)。在这种情况下,最好查一本好的学习词典。
Abbreviation
缩写包括缩短一个词。我们主要有三种方式:缩略词、首字母缩写词和混合词。
当我们缩短或“截取”一个单词的一个或多个音节时,我们使用剪切。我们通常也会截取人们的专有名称:
ad: advertisement, advert
lab: laboratory
Matt: Matthew
首字母缩略词是一种缩写形式,由两个或两个以上单词的首字母组合而成,形成单词中的辅音和元音序列。首字母缩写词通常读作单词:
RAM: r andom a ccess m emory (RAM is a term used to describe a computer’s memory.)
Initials are similar to acronyms but are pronounced as sets of letters, not as words:
首字母缩写与首字母缩略相似,但发音为一组字母,而不是单词:
WHO: W orld H ealth O rganisation, 发音为 W–H–O
CD: c ompact d isc, 发音为 C–D
当我们把现有单词的一部分组合起来形成一个新词时,我们就叫做混词:
blog: 是web 和 log的混合
motel: 是mo tor 和 hotel的混合
smog: 是sm oke 和 fog的混合
相关问答
...oughttogothtoenandbuypresentsforthen.Londonwillbe(_作业帮[回答]1Dholidays指假期,这里指圣诞假期2A考查短语fullof,且full为形容词没有被动语态,而fill则应与with搭配,常用于被动befilledwith3B...