《科学》（20200821出版）一周论文导读

编译 | 冯维维

Science, 21 August 2020, Vol 369, Issue 6506

《科学》2020年8月21日，第369卷，6506期

气候学Climatology

Synchronous timing of abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period

末次冰期气候突变的同步时间

▲ 作者：Ellen C. Corrick, Russell N. Drysdale, John C. Hellstrom, Emilie Capron, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Xu Zhang, Dominik Fleitmann, Isabelle Couchoud, Eric Wolff

▲ 链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6506/963

▲ 摘要

全球一系列古气候记录中已经发现了末次冰期的气候突变，但对其绝对时间和区域同步的认识尚不全面。

作者对63份已发表独立日期的洞穴记录的汇编显示，格陵兰岛的突然变暖与亚洲季风、南美季风和欧洲—地中海地区几十年内发生的同步气候变化有关。

再加上大气响应的双极同步，这为在这些突然变暖期间气候变化的高纬度—热带同步耦合提供了独立的证据。作者表示，该研究结果提供了一个全球一致的框架来验证气候突变模型模拟和约束冰核年表。

▲ Abstract

Abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period have been detected in a global array of palaeoclimate records, but our understanding of their absolute timing and regional synchrony is incomplete. Our compilation of 63 published, independently dated speleothem records shows that abrupt warmings in Greenland were associated with synchronous climate changes across the Asian Monsoon, South American Monsoon, and European-Mediterranean regions that occurred within decades. Together with the demonstration of bipolar synchrony in atmospheric response, this provides independent evidence of synchronous high-latitude–to-tropical coupling of climate changes during these abrupt warmings. Our results provide a globally coherent framework with which to validate model simulations of abrupt climate change and to constrain ice-core chronologies.

Abrupt CO2 release to the atmosphere under glacial and early interglacial climate conditions

冰川和早期间冰期突然释放的二氧化碳

▲ 作者：C. Nehrbass-Ahles, J. Shin, J. Schmitt, B. Bereiter, F. Joos, A. Schilt, L. Schmidely, L. Silva, G. Teste, R. Grilli, J. Chappellaz, D. Hodell, H. Fischer, T. F. Stocker

▲ 链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6506/1000

▲ 摘要

二氧化碳释放到大气中并以100年为单位发生的爆发，出现在上一个冰川周期的寒冷时期，但在较早或较暖的环境中没有出现。

作者研究了从欧洲南极冰穹冰芯取冰项目中获取的大气二氧化碳浓度记录，研究表明这些二氧化碳的激增发生在33万至45万年前的寒冷和温暖时期。他们把这些脉冲与由冰原淡水排放造成的大西洋经向翻转环流的中断联系起来。

如果全球变暖也破坏了这种海洋环流模式，那么这样快速的二氧化碳增加可能在未来发生。

▲ Abstract

Bursts of carbon dioxide, released into the atmosphere and occurring on centennial time scales, were seen during the cold periods of the last glacial cycle but not in older or warmer conditions. Nehrbass-Ahles et al. present a record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations retrieved from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core showing that these carbon dioxide jumps occurred during both cold and warm periods between 330,000 and 450,000 years ago. They relate these pulses to disruptions of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation caused by freshwater discharge from ice sheets. Such rapid carbon dioxide increases could occur in the future if global warming also disrupts this ocean circulation pattern.

物理学Physics

Attosecond spectroscopy of liquid water

液相中的阿秒科学

▲ 作者：Inga Jordan, Martin Huppert, Dominik Rattenbacher, Michael Peper, Denis Jelovina, Conaill Perry, Aaron von Conta, Axel Schild, Hans Jakob Wörner

▲ 链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6506/974

▲ 摘要

液态水的许多物理性质仍然没有解决，由于非常快的动力学涉及到液相。利用阿秒时间分辨光电子能谱，作者发现液相中水的光电发射与气相的光电发射相比有大约50到70阿秒的延迟。

这种差异归因于溶剂化效应，并通过对测量延迟的各种贡献的分析和对不同大小的水团的理论模拟得到了验证。

▲ Abstract

Many physical properties of liquid water remain unresolved due to the very fast dynamics involved in the liquid phase. Using attosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, Jordan et al. found that photoemission of electrons from water in the liquid phase shows a time delay of about 50 to 70 attoseconds compared with photoemission from the gas phase. This difference was attributed to solvation effects and was validated by analysis of various contributions to the measured delays and by using theoretical simulations in water clusters of different sizes.

Shaping colloidal bananas to reveal biaxial, splay-bend nematic, and smectic phases

控制曲率新方法

▲ 作者：Carla Fernández-Rico, Massimiliano Chiappini, Taiki Yanagishima, Heidi de Sousa, Dirk G. A. L. Aarts, Marjolein Dijkstra, Roel P. A. Dullens

▲ 链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6506/950

▲ 摘要

制备手性液晶相通常需要分子手性，但也可以利用弯曲的长杆，即弯曲的核心或香蕉形分子，来获得液晶结晶度。

作者开发了一种利用紫外光和光响应聚合物来控制改变杆状体曲率的方法。从单一起始组可形成一组具有不同曲率但整体杆厚、长度和长度分布相似的杆。

研究人员探索了一系列液晶相，包括40多年前预测的八字弯向列相。

▲ Abstract

Molecular chirality is often required to make chiral liquid crystalline phases, but liquid crystallinity has also been obtained using curved elongated rods known as bent-core or banana-shaped molecules. Fernández-Rico et al. developed a method to controllably alter the curvature of the rods using ultraviolet light and a photoresponsive polymer. From a single starting batch can come a family of rods with different curvatures but similar overall rod thickness, length, and length distribution. The researchers explored a range of liquid crystalline phases, including the splay-bend nematic phase that was predicted more than 40 years ago.

化学Chemistry

Asymmetric remote C–H borylation of aliphatic amides and esters with a modular iridium catalyst

靶向远距离碳氢键

▲ 作者：Ronald L. Reyes, Miyu Sato, Tomohiro Iwai, Kimichi Suzuki, Satoshi Maeda, Masaya Sawamura

▲ 链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6506/970

▲ 摘要

酶通常有复杂的活性位点，它结合分子的一个部分，以确定远处的部分的最佳反应活性。

对小分子催化剂来说，这种定向效应是一个更大的挑战。作者报告了一种简单的配体，它可以同时通过吡啶取代与铱催化剂结合，同时通过氢键尿素定位酰胺或酯反应物。

因此，该催化剂只对离羰基3个碳的位置进行了硼酸化，并产生了第二个手性配体，诱导了高的对映选择性。

▲ Abstract

Enzymes often have intricate active sites that bind one portion of a molecule to orient a distant portion for optimal reactivity. This type of orienting effect has proven a much greater challenge for small-molecule catalysts. Reyes et al. now report a simple ligand that can simultaneously bind to an iridium catalyst through a pyridine substituent while positioning an amide or ester reactant through a hydrogen-bonding urea. As a result, the catalyst exclusively borylates the site three carbons away from the carbonyl, with a second chiral ligand inducing high enantioselectivity.

Covalent surface modifications and superconductivity of two-dimensional metal carbide MXenes

二维金属碳化物的共价表面修饰

▲ 作者：Vladislav Kamysbayev, Alexander S. Filatov, Huicheng Hu, Xue Rui, Francisco Lagunas, Di Wang, Robert F. Klie

▲ 链接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6506/979

▲ 摘要

与石墨烯和过渡金属双卤化物不同，二维过渡金属碳化物（MXenes）有许多可以进行化学修饰的表面位置。

用氢氟酸腐蚀母体MAX相Ti3AlC2层材料的铝层，得到具有不同表面末端的MXene Ti3C2。熔融盐可以达到均匀的氯离子终端，但很难进一步修改。

作者研究表明，在熔融的溴化镉中对MAX相的蚀刻会导致终止溴化的MXenes，然后可以被氧、硫、硒、碲和NH基团以及空位取代。

表面基团可以改变电子传输。例如，Nb2C MXenes表现出依赖于表面基团的超导性。

▲ Abstract

Unlike graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides, two-dimensional transition-metal carbides (MXenes) have many surface sites that can be chemically modified. Etching of the aluminum layer of a parent MAX phase Ti3AlC2 layered material with hydrofluoric acid leads to the MXene Ti3C2 with various surface terminations. Molten salts can achieve uniform chloride terminations, but these are difficult to further modify. Kamysbayev et al. show that etching of MAX phases in molten cadmium bromide leads to bromide-terminated MXenes that can then be substituted with oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and NH groups as well as with vacancy sites. The surface groups can alter electronic transport. For example, the Nb2C MXenes exhibit surface group–dependent superconductivity.

近三年高考英语语法真题分类汇编：冠词、名词(2018-2020)

2020年高考真题

1.（2020·新课标I卷语法填空）The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 65 the familiar near side.

【答案】interest

【解析】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知，空处应填名词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。

2.（2020·新课标I卷短文改错）Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.

【答案】将chopstick改为chopsticks

【解析】考查名词复数。句意：下一步我把鸡蛋打到一个碗里，然后用筷子快速搅拌。chopstick是可数名词，意为“筷子”，通常以复数形式出现，故将chopstick改为chopsticks。

3.（2020·新课标II卷语法填空）Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.

【答案】celebration

【解析】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。

4.（2020·新课标II卷短文改错）Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.

【答案】将vacations改为vacation

【解析】考查不可数名词。句意：幸运的是，两周后我就要回家过暑假。分析句子，vacation译为“假期”是个不可数名词，后面不可加s表示复数。Summer vacation 译为“暑期”是固定搭配。故将vacations改为vacation。

5. （2020·江苏卷单项填空）The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______.

A. reservationB. transformationC. distinctionD. submission

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservation预订；B. transformation改革，变革；C. distinction区别；D. submission提交。根据前文The health security systems可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。

2019年高考真题

1.【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】26.Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.

A. priorityB. potentialC. proportionD. pension

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先；优先权；B. potential潜在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；D. pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。

2.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.

A. statementB. impact

C. impressionD. judgment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。statement“陈述说明”；impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”；impression“印象，感想”；judgement“判断力判断”。故选B。

3.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.

【答案】the

【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。

4【2019·新课标I卷·短文改错】Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.

【答案】 Suddenly football fell just in front of me almost hit me.

【解析】考查冠词。名词football为可数名词，前边需要有限定词。这里football第一次出现，故在football前加a；考查连词。句意：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。“足球落下来”与“打到我”两个动作是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but改为and。

5.【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly. Then, when I was in the five grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher too much. …

【答案】

Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different （1）I would like to do. First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so （2）. Then, when I was in the （3） grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher （4） much.

【解析】（1）考查名词的数。“job（工作；职业）”为可数名词，用different（不同的）修饰时意思为不同种类的工作，应该用名词的复数形式。故将job改为jobs。

（2）考查形容词的用法。句中的“looked（看起来…样）”为系动词，系动词后需用形容词作表语。故将coolly改为cool。

（3）考查序数词。年级、班级是按数字顺序排列的，所以“在几年级”中的数词需要用序数词。故将five改为fifth。

（4）考查副词。句意：在五年级的时候，因为我非常喜欢我的英语老师，所以我想变成一名老师。“so much”在句中一般表达肯定意思，可与that连用表示“如此…以至于”。而“too much”表太多，一般与to搭配，表达否定意思“太…以至于不能…”。本句话表达肯定意思，非常so much 或very much，故将too改为very/so。

6.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes.

【答案】the

【解析】考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。

2018年高考真题

1.【2018·天津】6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.

A. advice B. order

C. possibility D. invitation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。

【解题指导】本题考查名词辨析。名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。根据常识可以判断，宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种可能性，目前无法证明，从而选出正确答案。

2.【2018·江苏】32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.

A. assignment B. association

C. acquisition D. assumption

【答案】D

【解题指导】本题考查名词辨析。名词考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题抓住句中的关键词actually happening实际发生和instead of而不是，可知是假设，从而选出正确答案。

3. 【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).

【答案】causes

【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。

4. 【2018·新课标卷I·短文改错】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.

【答案】countryside前加the　考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的是乡下，故加定冠词the。

【解析】countryside前加the　考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的是乡下，故加定冠词the。

5. 【2018·新课标卷II·语法填空】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.

【答案】the

【解析】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只

增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。

6. 【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空】Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____62____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears.

【答案】the

【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。

7. 【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.

【答案】scientist

【解析】根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。

8. 【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.

【答案】dishes

【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。

8. 【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】F Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 64 (weigh) problems.

【答案】weight

【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。

《科学》（20200821出版）一周论文导读

气候学Climatology

物理学Physics

化学Chemistry

近三年高考英语语法真题分类汇编：冠词、名词(2018-2020)

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