squashfs nand 非易失性的存储介质（flash）——存储器-行情-上海羊羽卓进出口贸易有限公司

squashfs nand 非易失性的存储介质（flash）——存储器

发布时间 : 2024-10-09

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非易失性的存储介质（flash）——存储器

Flash是一种非易失性的存储介质，主要分为Nor和Nand两种。其中Nor Flash又分为Series（串行）和Parallel（并行）两种。SPI Flash就是Series Nor Flash。Nor Flash主要用于存储容量小的场景。其特点是读取速度快，擦除与写操作慢；Nand Flash容量大，读写与擦除速度快，主要用于需要大容量存储的场景。

1 Nand Flash

1.1Nand Flash的特点

由于Nand Flash生产工艺的原因，出厂芯片中会随机出现坏块。坏块在出厂时已经被初始化，并在特殊区域中标记为不可用，在使用过程中如果出现坏块，也需要进行标记。芯片厂商保证出厂时，Block 0不为坏块，但在使用过程中可能损坏。对于坏块而言，存储的信息可能会丢失，不能正常使用。另外在Nand Flash擦除或者编程过程中，出现操作失败后，表示该块不能正常使用，也应标记成坏块。所以在一般情况下，在操作NAND Flash之前，先要检查一下要操作的是否是坏块，以免坏块标记被破坏。此外，为了保证存储信息的可靠性，从Nand Flash中读取的数据还可以引入ECC校验，ECC码一般存放在该页的spare区。

1.2 Nand Flash的空间结构

NAND FLASH是一种多维的空间结构，一般由block，page等结构组成。所以在有的文件系统中就衍生出各种分区信息和扇区信息等。Nand Flash的page中包含有spare区。一般用于存储坏块信息，如芯片出厂时的坏块标志，或者使用过程中产生的ECC等。

1.3 Nand Flash的坏块处理

常见的坏块处理方式为跳过坏块(Skip bad block)

2 Nor Flash

2.1 Nor Flash的特点

Nor Flash的特点是读取速度快，擦写操作慢，不存在坏块，数据保存安全。

3经验案例

3.1 Nor Flash中不要使用memcpy而要使用flash read接口

原因：尽量使用统一接口操作flash，避免出现数据不一致的情况。

3.2 使用cramfs/squashfs做根分区，有些机器不能正常启动

原因：使用Nand Flash时，必须考虑坏块的因素。某些文件系统，如cramfs、squashfs，本身不带有坏块处理，在遇到根文件分区有坏块时，就不能正常启动。解决方法：在Linux驱动层增加针对cramfs、squashfs的坏块处理补丁。

3.3 使用Nand Flash其中存储数据概率性被破坏

原因：Nand Flash容易出现位反转，当反转的数据超过ECC所能纠正的范围后，数据就无法恢复。解决方法：1）确认使用的Nand Flash支持的ECC bit数，确保CPU支持。2）在某些平台（STH237系列），使用硬件ECC算法，需要增加特别补丁，来支持squash等文件系统。3）使用UBI文件系统，UBI针对nand flash的支持较好，本身也有针对坏块的处理。

3.4 EMMC需考虑分区表

常规flash通常采用类似下面的命令更新uboottftp 82000000 u-boot.bin;mmc write 0 82000000 0 8000对于emmc,采用上面的命令后, 重启后发现无法启动盒子, 原因是需要给分区表预留512字节, 所以采用下面的命令:tftp 82000000 u-boot.bin;mmc write 0 82000000 1 7fff3.5 MT8637 EN9高温开关机出现死机问题

3.5 东芝Flash与镁光Flash差异

目前，公司所用到的4GB的Nand Flash有Toshiba：4701-T58BG0-0480Micon: 479B-M29BG2-0480在设计时需要注意第38脚，东芝工程师确认38Pin需要接3.3V上拉，否则有可能引起不稳定，导致片内很多坏块；而镁光规格书里的38pin是DO NOT USED，不能使用的。因此，在BOM中这两个物料不能作为替代料，如果BOM中两颗料都有的话，需要通过选择条件进行区分开。

arXiv 每日论文集 107 篇 0218 更新

今日 arXiv 论文集

「今日 arXiv 论文集」是 AI 研习社论文板块推出的全新栏目，每日为你自动抓取arXiv上更新的论文并且按照不同领域分类打包成集，方便社区用户以最快的速度，最便捷的方式一件打包下载学术成果，获取知识养分。

今日更新 arXiv论文集：11个

今日更新 arXiv论文： 107篇

Machine Learning 36篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/821

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 18篇

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Artificial Intelligence 16篇

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Human-Computer Interaction 7篇

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Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing 8篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/818

Computation and Language 11篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/825

Information Retrieval 1篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/820

Computer Science and Game Theory 3篇

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Robotics 3篇

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Neural and Evolutionary Computing 2篇

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Multiagent Systems 2篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/822

Machine Learning 36篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/821

The Next Decade in AI: Four Steps Towards Robust Artificial Intelligence

RL agents Implicitly Learning Human Preferences

Analyzing Differentiable Fuzzy Logic Operators

Extended Markov Games to Learn Multiple Tasks in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

ARMS: Automated rules management system for fraud detection

FQuAD: French Question Answering Dataset

Learning Functionally Decomposed Hierarchies for Continuous Control Tasks

Human Perception of Intrinsically Motivated Autonomy in Human-Robot Interaction

Frequency-based Search-control in Dyna

Minimax Theorem for Latent Games or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying about Mixed-Nash and Love Neural Nets

Skip Connections Matter: On the Transferability of Adversarial Examples Generated with ResNets

Stochasticity of Deterministic Gradient Descent: Large Learning Rate for Multiscale Objective Function

The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis in Stack Overflow

Generalization and Representational Limits of Graph Neural Networks

Combining Parametric Land Surface Models with Machine Learning

Multi-variate Probabilistic Time Series Forecasting via Conditioned Normalizing Flows

Robust Reinforcement Learning via Adversarial training with Langevin Dynamics

Estimating Gradients for Discrete Random Variables by Sampling without Replacement

Never Give Up: Learning Directed Exploration Strategies

Scalable and Practical Natural Gradient for Large-Scale Deep Learning

Adversarial Distributional Training for Robust Deep Learning

Interleaved Sequence RNNs for Fraud Detection

Query2box: Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs in Vector Space using Box Embeddings

Deep learning of dynamical attractors from time series measurements

Learning to rank for uplift modeling

Deep S$^3$PR: Simultaneous Source Separation and Phase Retrieval Using Deep Generative Models

Graph Prolongation Convolutional Networks: Explicitly Multiscale Machine Learning>

Statistical Learning with Conditional Value at Risk

Clustering based>

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction By Learning Unrolled Algorithms

Scalable Neural Methods for Reasoning With a Symbolic Knowledge Base

Exploring Chemical Space using Natural Language Processing Methodologies for Drug Discovery

Deep Speaker Embeddings for Far-Field Speaker Recognition>

A Unifying Network Architecture for Semi-Structured Deep Distributional Learning

Stable Training of DNN for Speech Enhancement based>

Speech Enhancement using Self-Adaptation and Multi-Head Self-Attention

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 18篇

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Purifying Real Images with an Attention-guided Style Transfer Network for Gaze Estimation

Combining Visual and Textual Features for Semantic Segmentation of Historical Newspapers

Layer-wise Pruning and Auto-tuning of Layer-wise Learning Rates in Fine-tuning of Deep Networks

Constrained Dominant sets and Its applications in computer vision

Building Networks for Image Segmentation using Particle Competition and Cooperation

A Hybrid 3DCNN and 3DC-LSTM based model for 4D Spatio-temporal fMRI data: An ABIDE Autism Classification study

Context Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Predicting Multi-Path Trajectories in Mixed Traffic

Multi-Level Feature Fusion Mechanism for Single Image Super-Resolution

Counting dense objects in remote sensing images

End-to-end Learning of Object Motion Estimation from Retinal Events for Event-based Object Tracking

A Survey on 3D Skeleton-Based Action Recognition Using Learning Method

Liver Segmentation in Abdominal CT Images via Auto-Context Neural Network and Self-Supervised Contour Attention

An LSTM-Based Autonomous Driving Model Using Waymo Open Dataset

Skip Connections Matter: On the Transferability of Adversarial Examples Generated with ResNets

SemI2I: Semantically Consistent Image-to-Image Translation for Domain Adaptation of Remote Sensing Data

Remove Appearance Shift for Ultrasound Image Segmentation via Fast and Universal Style Transfer

Variational Conditional-Dependence Hidden Markov Models for Human Action Recognition

ACEnet: Anatomical Context-Encoding Network for Neuroanatomy Segmentation

Artificial Intelligence 16篇

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The Next Decade in AI: Four Steps Towards Robust Artificial Intelligence

RL agents Implicitly Learning Human Preferences

Analyzing Differentiable Fuzzy Logic Operators

Bayesian Learning of Causal Relationships for System Reliability

Extended Markov Games to Learn Multiple Tasks in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

The Efficiency of Human Cognition Reflects Planned Information Processing

Traffic Modelling and Prediction via Symbolic Regression>

ARMS: Automated rules management system for fraud detection

Satisfiability and Query Answering in Description Logics with Global and Local Cardinality Constraints

FQuAD: French Question Answering Dataset

A comparison of different types of Niching Genetic Algorithms for variable selection in solar radiation estimation

Learning Functionally Decomposed Hierarchies for Continuous Control Tasks

Human Perception of Intrinsically Motivated Autonomy in Human-Robot Interaction

Transformers as Soft Reasoners over Language

Frequency-based Search-control in Dyna

Disentangling Overlapping Beliefs by Structured Matrix Factorization

Human-Computer Interaction 7篇

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VisMaker: a Question-Oriented Visualization Recommender System for Data Exploration

Docking Haptics: Extending the Reach of Haptics by Dynamic Combinations of Grounded and Worn Devices

Eat4Thought: A Design of Food Journaling

Toward Agile Situated Visualization: An Exploratory User Study

How to cluster nearest unique nodes from different classes using JJCluster in Wisp application?

A New Exocentric Metaphor for Complex Path Following to Control a UAV Using Mixed Reality

An Improved Wrist Kinematic Model for Human-Robot Interaction

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing 8篇

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Deploying large fixed file datasets with SquashFS and Singularity

Consistency Analysis of Replication-Based Probabilistic Key-Value Stores

A Breezing Proof of the KMW Bound

High-Performance High-Order Stencil Computation>

Algebraic Structure of Blockchains: A Group-Theoretical Primer

eSPICE: Probabilistic Load Shedding from Input Event Streams in Complex Event Processing

DSCEP: An Infrastructure for Distributed Semantic Complex Event Processing

Hoplite: Efficient Collective Communication for Task-Based Distributed Systems

Computation and Language 11篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/825

Transformer>

Scalable Neural Methods for Reasoning With a Symbolic Knowledge Base

Dialogue history integration into end-to-end signal-to-concept spoken language understanding systems

Integrating Discrete and Neural Features via Mixed-feature Trans-dimensional Random Field Language Models

A Data Efficient End-To-End Spoken Language Understanding Architecture

Zero-Resource Cross-Domain Named Entity Recognition

Understanding patient complaint characteristics using contextual clinical BERT embeddings

HULK: An Energy Efficiency Benchmark Platform for Responsible Natural Language Processing

Unsupervised Speaker Adaptation using Attention-based Speaker Memory for End-to-End ASR

Exploring Chemical Space using Natural Language Processing Methodologies for Drug Discovery

Deep Speaker Embeddings for Far-Field Speaker Recognition on Short Utterances

Information Retrieval 1篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/820

Multi-objective Ranking via Constrained Optimization

Computer Science and Game Theory 3篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/816

Approximating Voting Rules from Truncated Ballots

Resource-Aware Control via Dynamic Pricing for Congestion Game with Finite-Time Guarantees

Minimax Theorem for Latent Games or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying about Mixed-Nash and Love Neural Nets

Robotics 3篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/824

A New Exocentric Metaphor for Complex Path Following to Control a UAV Using Mixed Reality

An Improved Wrist Kinematic Model for Human-Robot Interaction

Inner Attention Supported Adaptive Cooperation for Heterogeneous Multi Robots Teaming based on Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning

Neural and Evolutionary Computing 2篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/823

Gender Genetic Algorithm in the Dynamic Optimization Problem

Approximation Bounds for Random Neural Networks and Reservoir Systems

Multiagent Systems 2篇

一键打包下载： https://paper.yanxishe.com/packages/822

Resource-Aware Control via Dynamic Pricing for Congestion Game with Finite-Time Guarantees

Vision-Based Real-Time Indoor Positioning System for Multiple Vehicles

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非易失性的存储介质（flash）——存储器

arXiv 每日论文集 107 篇 0218 更新

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